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Tropical Fruit Discussion / Annona sp & link to parkinsons
« on: April 18, 2020, 05:58:50 PM »
Here's a topic that has been discussed before, but now with new updates in the last ~8 years. I'll note that I'm coming from the background of a hobby backyard grower of annona myself, and still intend to eat them in moderation. I do not wish to discuss the epidemiological studies, which have already been beaten to death elsewhere on this forum.
Some of the newer studies have shown:
-NMR and liquid chromatography mass spec quantified the amount of annonacin and squamocin in the fruit pulp of graviola, atemoya (some posters previously argued it was only in the seed, and safe as long as spit out the seeds). See this study for the numerical quantities of annonacin and squamocin:
https://www.scribd.com/document/314499988/FDA-Annona (google lc-ms and nmr analyses of neurotoxic fruits in the annonaceae family). This study found approximately 1034 ug/g of annonacin in graviola pulp from brazil. Atemoya pulp had lower quantity at 3.68 ug/g annonacin, but did have 76.2 ug/g of squamocin.
-pharmacokinetics studies show the oral bioavaibility of annonacin was approximately 3% in rats (https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0034-1394993)
-annonacin crosses the blood brain barrier once in the blood stream (Champy P, Hoglinger GU, Feger J, et al. Annonacin, a lipophilic inhibitor
of mitochondrial complex I, induces nigral and striatal neurodegeneration
in rats: possible relevance for atypical parkinsonism in Guadeloupe. J
Neurochem 2004;88:63-69. )
-annonacin and other acetogenins are powerful mitochondrial poisons (Acetogenins exhibit their neurotoxic and anticancer properties by inhibiting the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I of the respiratory chain) (Höllerhage et al., 2009).)
One of the key issues in Parkinsonism-type syndromes is a reduction in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Once these neurons are gone in an adult, they don't grow back. As an adult you have a certain number, and can only lose them..
There was a separate discussion on the growingfruit forum about the hand tremor that Neal Peterson has in some youtube grafting videos, with posters there making various inferences (https://vimeo.com/236955626). He responded publically in that thread to those posters on the tremor (https://growingfruit.org/t/the-dangers-of-pawpaw-consumption/16536/48). I won't write any opinion on that, read the thread and comments for yourself, just linking the prior discussion here.
The point of this is it does seem like these neurotoxic compounds are in the fruit pulps, and it also appears like eating said fruit will cause some of it to get absorbed. To what degree they could cause an issue is unknown or in what quantities.
Are you aware of these newer NMR/mass spec studies, and what are your thoughts? I feel strongly that the poison is in the dose, and will continue to eat a few beloved cherimoya/atemoya here and there, just not daily.
Some of the newer studies have shown:
-NMR and liquid chromatography mass spec quantified the amount of annonacin and squamocin in the fruit pulp of graviola, atemoya (some posters previously argued it was only in the seed, and safe as long as spit out the seeds). See this study for the numerical quantities of annonacin and squamocin:
https://www.scribd.com/document/314499988/FDA-Annona (google lc-ms and nmr analyses of neurotoxic fruits in the annonaceae family). This study found approximately 1034 ug/g of annonacin in graviola pulp from brazil. Atemoya pulp had lower quantity at 3.68 ug/g annonacin, but did have 76.2 ug/g of squamocin.
-pharmacokinetics studies show the oral bioavaibility of annonacin was approximately 3% in rats (https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0034-1394993)
-annonacin crosses the blood brain barrier once in the blood stream (Champy P, Hoglinger GU, Feger J, et al. Annonacin, a lipophilic inhibitor
of mitochondrial complex I, induces nigral and striatal neurodegeneration
in rats: possible relevance for atypical parkinsonism in Guadeloupe. J
Neurochem 2004;88:63-69. )
-annonacin and other acetogenins are powerful mitochondrial poisons (Acetogenins exhibit their neurotoxic and anticancer properties by inhibiting the mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I of the respiratory chain) (Höllerhage et al., 2009).)
One of the key issues in Parkinsonism-type syndromes is a reduction in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Once these neurons are gone in an adult, they don't grow back. As an adult you have a certain number, and can only lose them..
There was a separate discussion on the growingfruit forum about the hand tremor that Neal Peterson has in some youtube grafting videos, with posters there making various inferences (https://vimeo.com/236955626). He responded publically in that thread to those posters on the tremor (https://growingfruit.org/t/the-dangers-of-pawpaw-consumption/16536/48). I won't write any opinion on that, read the thread and comments for yourself, just linking the prior discussion here.
The point of this is it does seem like these neurotoxic compounds are in the fruit pulps, and it also appears like eating said fruit will cause some of it to get absorbed. To what degree they could cause an issue is unknown or in what quantities.
Are you aware of these newer NMR/mass spec studies, and what are your thoughts? I feel strongly that the poison is in the dose, and will continue to eat a few beloved cherimoya/atemoya here and there, just not daily.