I took some time this weekend and researched to narrow down the rare unknowns... because, Covid.
This should be a good starting list of Palm species with edible fruit, generally under 6 meters or low-hanging fruit, prefer or tolerate drier environments and at least 30° F
I avoided trees with only edible apical bud, edible seeds, palm hearts and cabbage. Cabbage leaves don't interest me, and why kill a rare tree just to eat dinner? I also removed trees that required removal of stinging/poisonous parts. Then I eliminated a couple with too little flesh to matter. Oh, and I also left out monocarpic trees. Because, that's just depressing: "Yay, fruit! Ah hell, my tree's dead"
This is still an incomplete list, and it doesn't account for heat tolerance or palatability. Feel free to add, clarify, comment, etcetera!
Aiphanes verrucosa - 5 meters - zone 9a - fruits eaten - understory tree - monoecious
Allogoptera arenaria 6 meters - 25° F. - fruits cultivated in S. America. Tolerant of poor soil, but likes water. fruit - cool looking - monoecious
Allagoptera leucocalyx 1.5 meters, acaulescent - zone 9b - mesocarp & seed edible.
Astrocaryum campestre - 2 meters, acaulescent - zone 9b - fruit eaten - savanah - spines - monoecious
Attalea allenii - 6 meters, acaulescent - nut edible. liquid from endosperm. - dioecious
Attalea phalerata - 5 meters trunk - 27° F - fruit, fibrous (fed to livestock, so may not be tasty) - dioecious
Brahea dulcis - 7.5 meters - zone 9 down to 25° F. - fruit sweet - monoecious
Butia capitata, cultivar bonetti - 6 meters - fruit (dwarfing cultivation) pineappleish flavor - 16° F. - drought tol. once established. - monoecious
Butia eriospatha - 20 ft, can grow taller but not often - zone 8b, 26° F confirmed - fruits delicious - monoecious
Butia lallemantii - 1 meter, acaulescent - zone 9a - fruit edible - monoecious?
Chelyocarpus repens - fruit edible. little info.
Desmoncus orthacanthos - 5 meters - zone 9b-11 - fruit eaten - climbing - shade - spines - not considered attractive
Dypsis baronii - 3 meters - 28° F confirmed - leaves and fruit. ** reported growing in Phoenix - needs deep shade - monoecious
Guihaia argyrata - 1 meter - 24° F confirmed - Fruit eaten - difficult to germinate - Dioecious
Livistona humilis - 7 meters - possibly 30° F - fruits - dioecious
Nannorrhops ritchiana - 6 meters - 9a - arid regions - fruit edible - monoecious
Phoenix loureiroi - 5m. - 26° F confirmed - fruit sweet, mealy. - dioecious
Phoenix pusilla - 3 meters - 26° F confirmed - fruit eaten by kids - drier regions.
Phytelephas macrocarpa - 12 meters, but semi-acaulescent & fruit borne low - killed at 25° F - fruit, coffee substitute - spines - dioecious.
Syyagrus campylospatha - 3 meters,acaulescent - 26° F - fruit delicious - savannah, sandy soil - leaf tips spiny - monoecious
Syagrus flexuosa - 4 meters - slightly sweet fruit - monoecious
Syagrus petraea - 1.5 meters, acaulescent - possibly light frost tolerant - fruit eaten - monoecious
Trithrinax campestris - 6 meters - 19° F or lower - fruits fermented for alcohol - monoecious