Tamarillos, Papayas & Babacos, Passionfruit (though they are a vine), Banana, Inga sp (Ice cream bean)? Should be noted that a short lifespan here is between 3 & 30 years, and maybe the tree can still survive, but is in poor form.
A large portion of fruiting things that aren't trees have relatively short lifespans - i.e. watermelon, strawberries etc.